
تعداد نشریات | 31 |
تعداد شمارهها | 334 |
تعداد مقالات | 3,274 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 4,073,619 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 4,879,399 |
ویژگیهای محیطی موثر بر تحرک و فعالیت فیزیکی کودکان در محله از نگاه آنان؛ مطالعه موردی: شهر مشهد | ||
فصلنامه مطالعات شهری | ||
مقاله 1، دوره 13، شماره 49، بهمن 1402، صفحه 3-16 اصل مقاله (1.07 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/urbs.2023.62738 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
تکتم روشن دل1؛ بختیار بهرامی* 2؛ مهدی سعیدی3؛ گوران عرفانی4 | ||
1دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد طراحی شهری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران. | ||
2استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران . | ||
3گروه مهندسی شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران | ||
4پژوهشگر پسادکتری، دانشکده بهداشت و علوم زیستی، دانشگاه نورثامبریا، نیوکاسل آپون تاین، بریتانیا. | ||
چکیده | ||
باوجود نقش معنادار تحرک و فعالیت فیزیکی کودکان در سلامت و بهزیستی آنان، این نوع فعالیتها در همسایگیها و محلات مسکونی رو به کاهش است. یکی از راههای جبران این مسئله، تقویت آن دسته از ویژگیهای محیطی مورد نظر کودکان است که آنان را به تحرک و فعالیت فیزیکی در محلههایشان ترغیب میکنند. بدینمنظور، این پژوهش نظرات 450 کودک نُه تا 13 سال (8/43 درصد دختر و 2/56 درصد پسر) را درباره مجموعهای از این ویژگیها در شهر مشهد جمعآوری کرده است. در نهایت پاسخهای کودکان بهکمک تحلیل عامل اکتشافی دستهبندی و در قالب یک مدل توسعه یافت. این مدل نشان میدهد که تحرک و فعالیت فیزیکی کودکان در محلههایشان میتواند متأثر از هفت عامل زیر باشد: 1) اجازه والدین برای حضور بیرون از خانه، 2) مسیر پیاده امن و لذتبخش بهویژه از خانه به مدرسه و برعکس، 3) امنیت اجتماعی بهکمک فضاهای شاد و اجتماعپذیر، 4) قابلیتهای محیطی قابل استفاده در شب و روز، 5) خوانایی به کمک مغازهها در تراز همکف درکنار ساختمانهای نشانهای، 6) محیط متنوع و طبیعی برای کاوشگری و ماجراجویی و 7) ایمنی هنگام حرکت در فضا و بازی با وسایل. نکته مشترک این هفت عامل، تقاضای مکرر برای انجام فعالیتهای بازیوار حین فعالیت فیزیکی (تفریح، شادابی و بازی با دوستان) بود. سیاستگذاران حوزه سلامت و برنامهریزان و طراحان شهری زمانی میتوانند به خلق یک محله حامی تحرک و فعالیت فیزیکی کودکان نزدیک شوند که شرایط لذتبخشی را برای حضور و فعالیت مستقل آنان در فضاهای باز آن محله فراهم کنند. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
کودکان؛ فعالیت فیزیکی کودکان؛ تحرک کودکان؛ محله؛ ویژگیهای محیطی؛ تعامل با محیط؛ مشهد | ||
مراجع | ||
Aarts, M. J, Wendel-Vos, W, Van Oers, H, Van de Goor, I, Schuit, A. J. (2010). Environmental determinants of outdoor play in children: a large-scale cross-sectional study. Am. J. Prev. Med., 39 (3), 212- 219. 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.05.008 Aeinifar, A., Aizadi, A., Gharehbeighlu, M. (2011). Typology of research methods in children's environmental studies. Journal of Architecture and Urban Planning, 5 (9)- 87-103. 10.30480/AUP.2012.146 Alparone, F. R., Pacilli, M. G (2012). On children's independent mobility: The interplay of demographic, environmental, and psychosocial factors. Children's Geographies, 10 (1), 109- 122. 10.1080/14733285.2011.638173 Allen, G. L., Lueder, R., & Rice, V. (2007). RUNNING AHEAD: CHILDREN AND WAYFINDING. In Lueder, R., Berg Rice, V. J. (Eds.). Ergonomics for Children: Designing Products and Places for Toddlers to Teens. CRC Press. Carver, A., Veitch, J., Salmon, J., Hume, C., Timperio, A., Crawford, D., (2008). Children’s independent mobility – is it influenced by parents’ perceptions of safety? (Summary report) Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research. Deakin University. Chaudhury, M., Oliver, M., Badland, H., Garrett, N., Witten, K. (2017). Using the Public Open Space Attributable Index tool to assess children’s public open space use and access by independent mobility. Children's Geographies, 15(2), 193-206. 10.1080/14733285.2016.1214684 Chawla, L. (2007). Childhood experiences associated with care for the natural world: a theoretical framework for empirical results. Children, Youth and Environments, 17 (4), 145–170. 10.1353/cye.2007.0010 Chawla, L. (2016). Children’s rights to child-friendly cities. In Handbook of Children's Rights. Routledge. Committee on Environmental Health. (2009). The built environment designing communities to promote physical activity in children. Pediatrics, 123 (6), 1591– 1598. 10.1542/peds.2009-0750 Copperman, R. B., Bhat, C. R. (2007). An analysis of the determinants of children's weekend physical activity participation. Transportation, 34 (1), 67– 87. 10.1007/s11116-006-0005-5 Day, C., Midbjer, A. (2007). Environment and Children- Passive Lessons from the Everyday Environment. Elsevier Ltd Edwards, N., Hooper, P., Knuiman, M., Foster, S., Giles-Corti, B. (2015). Associations between park features and adolescent park use for physical activity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12 (1), 1-10. 10.1186/s12966-015-0178-4 Elkind, D. (2007). The Power of Play How Spontaneous, Imaginative Activities Lead to Happier, Healthier Children. Da Capo Press, Cambridge, MA, U.S, 1099- 1100. Ewing, R., Handy, S. (2009). Measuring the unmeasurable: Urban design qualities related to walkability. Journal of Urban Design, 14 (1), 65- 84. 10.1080/13574800802451155 Ewing, R., Schmid, T., Killingsworth, R., Zlot, A., Raudenbush, S. (2003). Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity. Am. J. Health Promot, 18 (1), 47– 57. 10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.47 Fjørtoft, I. (2004). Landscape as Playscape: The Effects of Natural Environments on Children’s Play and Motor Development. Children, Youth and Environments, 14 (2): 21-44. 10.7721/chilyoutenvi.14.2.0021 Fonseca, F., Ribeiro, P. J. G., Conticelli, E., Jabbari, M., Papageorgiou, G., Tondelli, S., Ramos, R. A. R. (2022). Built environment attributes and their influence on walkability. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 16(7), 660-669. 10.1080/15568318.2021.1914793 Gibson, J. J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Haughton Mifflin. 10.1002/bs.3830260313 Grigsby-Toussaint, D. S., Chi, S. H, Fiese, B. H. (2011). Where they live, how they play neighborhood greenness and outdoor physical activity among preschoolers. Int J Health Geogr., 10, 66. 10.1186/1476-072X-10-66 Hanapi, N., Ahmad, S. S. (2016). A Review on Environmental Characteristic that Influence Children Physical Activities in Low-Cost Housing. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 222, 19- 27. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.166 Harvey, C., Aultman-Hall, L. (2016). Measuring urban streetscapes for livability: A review of approaches. The Professional Geographer, 68 (1), 149-158. 10.1080/00330124.2015.1065546 Kytta, M. (2003). Children in Outdoor Contexts-Affordances and Independent Mobility in the Assessment of Environmental Child Friendliness. Helsinki University of Technology. Kyttä, M. (2004). The extent of children's independent mobility and the number of actualized affordances as criteria for child-friendly environments. Journal of environmental psychology, 24 (2), 179-198. 10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00073-2 Lang, J. (1987). Creating Architectural Theory: The Role of the Behavioral Sciences in Environmental Design. Van Nostrand Reinhold.Lin, J. J., Chang, H. T. (2010). Built environment effects on children’s school travel in Taipai: independence and travel mode. Urban Studies, 47 (4), 867-889. 10.1177/0042098009351938 Ling Hin, Li. (2009). Built environment and children's academic performance– a Hong Kong perspective. Habitat International, 33 (1), 45– 51. 10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.04.001 Loebach, J. E., Gilliland, J. A. (2016a). Free range kids? Using GPS-derived activity spaces to examine children’s neighborhood activity and mobility. Environment and behavior, 48 (3), 421-453. 10.1177/0013916514543177 Loebach, J., Gilliland, J. (2016b). Neighbourhood play on the endangered list: examining patterns in children's local activity and mobility using GPS monitoring and qualitative GIS. Children's Geographies, 14 (5), 573-589. 10.1080/14733285.2016.1140126 Lovasi, G. S., Jacobson, J. S., Quinn, J. W., Neckerman, K. M., Ashby-Thompson, M. N., Rundle, A. (2011). Is the environment near home and school associated with physical activity and adiposity of urban preschool children? Journal of urban health, 88 (6), 1143-1157. 10.1007/s11524-011-9604-3 Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. Massachusetts. Joint Center for Urban Studies. Malone, K. (2013). “The future lies in our hands”: children as researchers and environmental change agents in designing a child-friendly neighbourhood. Local environment, 18 (3), 372- 395. 10.1080/13549839.2012.719020 Mansournia, S., Bahrami, B., Farahani, L., Aram, F. (2021). Understanding children’s perceptions and activities in urban public spaces: The case study of Zrêbar Lake Waterfront in Kurdistan. Urban Studies, 58 (2), 372-388. 10.1177/0042098020903008 Mansournia, S., Gharaei, F., Bahrami, B. (2016). Behavior Mapping, an approach to assessment of Urban spaces responsiveness. Case study: Recreational space of Zrêbar Lake Waterfront, Marivan, Kurdistan. Motaleate Shahri, 5(18), 77-90. Marzi, I., Reimers, A. K. (2018). Children’s independent mobility: Current knowledge, future directions, and public health implications. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15 (11), 2441. 10.3390/ijerph15112441 Masoumi, H, van Rooijen, M, Sierpinski, G (2020). Children’s Independent Mobility to School in Seven European Countries: A Multinomial Logit Model. Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 9149. 10.3390/ijerph17239149 Minha, A, Muhajarine, N, Janus, M, Brownell, M, Guhn, M. (2017). A review of neighborhood effects and early child development: How, where, and for whom, do neighborhoods matter? Health & Place, 46, 155- 174. 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.04.012 Mirgholami, M., Gharehbaglou, M., Nowzamani, N. (2017). The Assessment of Social and Physical Dimensions of Neighborhood Environment on Residents’ Mental Health and Wellbeing case study: Roshdiyeh Neighborhood of Tabriz. HONAR-HA-YE-ZIBA, 22 (2), 63-74. 10.22059/jfaup.2017.232419.671695 Moran, M. R., Eizenberg, E., Plaut, P. (2017). Getting to Know a Place: Built Environment Walkability and Children’s Spatial Representation of Their Home-School (h–s) Route. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14 (6), 607. 10.3390/ijerph14060607 Moulay, A., Ujanga, N., Said, I. (2017). Legibility of neighborhood parks as a predictor for enhanced social interaction towards social sustainability. Cities, 61, 58–64. 10.1016/j.cities.2016.11.007 Mozaffar, F., Hoseini, S. B., Bagheri, M., Azemati, H. (2007). The role of neighborhood open spaces in children’s growth and creativity. BAGH-E-NAZAR, 4 (8), 59-72. Olsen, J. R., Mitchell, R., McCrorie, P., Ellaway, A. (2019). Children's mobility and environmental exposures in urban landscapes: A cross-sectional study of 10-11 year old Scottish children. Social Science & Medicine, 224, 11- 22. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.047 Ramioul, C., Tutenel, P., Heylighen, A. (2020). Exploring with Children What Makes a City Child-Friendly. In Cambridge Workshop on Universal Access and Assistive Technology (pp. 99-106). Springer. 10.1007/978-3-030-43865-4_10 Riggio, E. (2002). Child-friendly cities: good governance in the best interests of the child. Environment and Urbanization, 14 (2), 45-58. 10.1177/095624780201400204 Smith, M., Mavoa, S., Ikeda, E., Hasanzadeh, K., Zhao, J, Rinne, T. E., Donnellan, N, Kyttä, M, Cui, J. (2022). Associations between Children’s Physical Activity and Neighborhood Environments Using GIS: A Secondary Analysis from a Systematic Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19 (3), 1033. 10.3390/ijerph19031033 Sideris, A. L, Sideris, A. (2013). What Brings Children to the Park (Analysis and Measurement of the Variables Affecting Children’s Use of Parks). Journal of the American Planning Association, 76 (1), 89- 107. 10.1080/01944360903418338 Tyagi, M, Raheja, G. (2020). Indian parents’ perception of children's independent mobility in urban neighbourhoods: a case study of Delhi. Children's Geographies, 19 (4), 390-406. 10.1080/14733285.2020.1797996 Tyagi, M, Raheja, G. (2021). Children’s independent mobility license and its association with the built and social environment: a study across neighbourhood typologies in Kolkata. Children's Geographies, 19 (6), 717-734. 10.1080/14733285.2021.1891526 Veitch, J., Carver, A, Hume, C., Crawford, D., Timperio, A., Ball, K., Salmon, J. (2014). Are independent mobility and territorial range associated with park visitation among youth? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11: 73. 10.1186/1479-5868-11-73 Wang, Y., Chau, C.K., Ng, W.Y., Leung, T.M. (2016). A review on the effects of physical built environment attributes on enhancing walking and cycling activity levels within residential neighborhoods. Cities, 50, 1–15. 10.1016/j.cities.2015.08.004 Williams, G. C., Borghese, M. M., Janssen, I. (2018). Neighborhood walkability and objectively measured active transportation among 10–13-year-olds. Journal of Transport & Health, 8, 202-209. 10.1016/j.jth.2017.12.006 Woolcock, G., Gleeson, B., Randolph, B. (2010). Urban research and child-friendly cities: a new Australian outline. Children's Geographies, 8(2), 177-192. 10.1080/14733281003691426 World Health Organization, T. (2010). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. World Health Organization. Xia, J. C., Arrowsmith, C., Jackson, M., Cartwright, W. (2008). The wayfinding process relationships between decision-making and landmark utility. Tourism Management, 29 (3), 445-457. 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.05.010 | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 914 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 607 |