
تعداد نشریات | 31 |
تعداد شمارهها | 355 |
تعداد مقالات | 3,429 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 4,341,322 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 5,041,538 |
بازخوانی هستی شناسی محله های معاصرشهری با اتکا بر سویه اجتماعی محله سنتی | ||
فصلنامه مطالعات شهری | ||
دوره 14، شماره 53، بهمن 1403، صفحه 19-34 اصل مقاله (660.09 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/urbs.2024.141272.5046 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
فاطمه شمس1؛ محمدرضا پورجعفر* 2؛ سید مهدی خاتمی3؛ علی سلطانی4 | ||
1دانشجوی دکتری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. | ||
2استاد، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. | ||
3دانشیار، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری ، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران. | ||
4استاد، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران. | ||
چکیده | ||
مفهوم محله سنّتی به عنوان واحدی اجتماعی در محدوده ای جغرافیایی و در نقش نظام خوداتکا، شاید به قدمت عمر بشر باشد. برای هزاران سال، محله به مثابه میراث شهری و کالبدی قابل درک با حفظ گروه بندی های اجتماعی سازمان یافته و مکان محور و تمامیت شهری چند سطحی، اجتماع را از فروپاشی نجات داده است. به نظر می رسد در جوامع امروز، برای دستیابی به ارزش های فراموش شده شهری، بازتعریف محله جایگاه ویژه ای دارد و می تواند بنیادی ترین عنصر شهری و حلقه میانجی بین شهر و شهروندان به شمار رود. مطالعه حاضر در پاسخ به چیستی مفهومی و مکانی محله سنّتی در ذیل پارادایم تفسیرگرایی و به لحاظ روش تحقیق براساس رویکرد کیفی انجام شده است. از آنجا که هدف، درک تحولات مفهومی محله و نیل به نگاهی جامع از لایه های پیدا و پنهان عرصه اجتماعی محله سنّتی بود، از مطالعات اسنادی آرا و اندیشه های نظریه پردازان در پایگاه های استنادی معتبر استفاده شد. پس از مرور نظام مند منابع، تحلیل مضمون دادههای مستخرج از منابع داخلی و خارجی انجام و کدگذاری در شش مرحله و به روش جزء بهکل طراحی گردید و تا رسیدن به مرحله اشباع نظری ادامه یافت. یافته ها نشان می دهد که تعریف محله در گذر زمان از مفهوم کالبدی صرف به مفهوم معنایی _ادراکی و ذهنی متمایل شده است؛ با این حال در تمام تعاریف ارائه شده، چهارگانه فضا (کالبد)، زمان (تاریخ)، شهروند (افراد، گروه ها و نهادها) و فعالیت یا عملکرد ملموس است. چهارگانه گفته شده در تعامل با یکدیگر، همزمان که به تکمیل مفهوم محله به عنوان موجودیت مدنی هویت مند می پردازند، بازتولید امر شهری و شهروندی را نیز موجب می شوند. همچنین مضامین فراگیر ظرفیت های اجتماعات محلی با دربرگیرندگی مضامین سازمان دهنده دلبستگی اجتماعی و انسجام اجتماعی و همچنین اجتماع پذیری محله شامل تعهدات اجتماعی و خیر عمومی و توانمندسازی، مضامین اصلی هستی شناسی عرصه اجتماعی محله سنّتی را شکل می دهند که با عملیاتی سازی نمودن هریک می توان در احیای محلههای پریشان یا محدوده های فاقد هویت شهری مداخله نمود. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
محله؛ هستیشناسی؛ عرصه اجتماعی؛ ظرفیتهای اجتماعات محلی؛ انسجام اجتماعی | ||
مراجع | ||
Abdolahi, M., Tavakolinia, J., & Sarrafi, M. (2010). Theoretical study of the concept of neighborhood and its redefinition with emphasis on the conditions of urban neighborhoods of Iran. Human Geography Research, 42(2), 82-103. [in Persian] Abdolahzade Fard, A., & Shamsoddini, A. (2020). Neighborhood Environmental quality and its role regarding the residents' spiritual and mental health (Case Study of Sang Siyah District, Shiraz Metropolis). Urban Planning Knowledge, 4(2), 95-114. http://doi:10.22124/upk.2020.14650.1307 [in Persian] Alexander, C. (1977). A Pattern language, towns, buildings, construction, Oxford University Press. Alalhesabi, M., daneshpour, S. A., & Basiri Mojdehi, R. (2023). Formulation of Place criticism in terms of political economy; scrutinizing the urban-relational. Urban Planning Knowledge, 7(1), 1-27. http://doi:10.22124/upk.2022.19448.1640 [in Persian] Arefi, M. (2008). Asset-based approaches to community development. Nairobi: UN Habitat. Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: an analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100307 Baba, Y., & Austin, M.D. (1989). Neighborhood environmental satisfaction, victimization, and social participation as determinants of perceived neighborhood safety. Environment and Behavior, 21, 763- 780. http://doi:10.1177/0013916589216006 Baffoe, G. (2019). Understanding the neighbourhood concept and its evolution: A review. Environment and Urbanization Asia, 10(2), 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0975425319859115 Basiri Mozhdehi, R., Daneshpour, S.A., & Alalhesabi, M. (2020). Redefining the ontology of place as the urban-relational. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 17(90), 5-18. https://doi:10.22034/bagh.2020.202498.4316 [in Persian] Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa BREEAM Communities (2012). Integrating sustainable design into master planning, breeam.org/communities Brehm, J. M. (2007). Community attachment: The complexity and consequence of the natural environment facet, Springer Science. http://doi.10.1007/s10745-006-9104-3 Brower, S. (1996). Good neighborhoods: A Study of in-town and suburban residential environments. Praeger, West port. Browning, C.R., & Cagney, K.A. (2003). Moving beyond poverty: neighborhood structure, social processes, and health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(4), 552–571. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519799 Buck, N. (2001). Identifying neighbourhood effects on social exclusion. Urban Studies, 38(12), 2251-2275. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980120087153 Bulmer, M. (1984). Institutionalization, diversity, and the rise of sociological research. Chicago and London: The Chicago School of Sociology, ISBN: 9780226080048 Butts, J.A. & Schiraldi, V.N. (2018). Recidivism reconsidered: preserving the community justice mission of community corrections, Harvard Kennedy School, program in criminal justice. Policy and Justice. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-gky0-5x32 Calthorpe, P., & Duany, A. (2001). The regional city: Planning for the end of sprawl. Washington DC: Island Press. Chan, J., To, H.P., & Chan, E. (2006). Reconsidering social cohesion: Developing a definition and analytical framework for empirical research. Social Indicators Research, 75(2), 273–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-2118-1 Cheung, C., & Leung, K. (2011). Neighborhood homogeneity and cohesion in sustainable community development. Habitat International, 35(4), 564–572. http://doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2011.03.004 Chizfahm Daneshmandian, M., & Nejad Ebrahimi, A. (2022). Identifying the Structure of Shiraz Neighborhoods from Atabakan to Qajar Period. Pazhoheshha-ye Bastan Shenasi Iran, 12(33), 357-381. http://doi:10.22084/nb.2021.22921.2232 [in Persian] Costanza, R., Fisher, B., Ali, S., et al. (2007). Quality of life: An approach integrating opportunities, human needs, and subjective well-being. Ecological economics, 61(2-3), 267-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.02.023 Cramm, J.M., van Dijk, H.M., & Nieboer, A.P. (2013). The importance of neighborhood social cohesion and social capital for the well being of older adults in the community. The Gerontologist, 53(1), 142–152. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gns052 Crank, J., Giacomazzi, A., & Heck, C. (2003). Fear of crime in a nonurban setting. Journal of Criminal Justice, 31(3), 249-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2352(03)00006-0 Deng, L. (2011). The external neighborhood effects of low-income housing tax credit projects built by three sectors. Journal of Urban Affairs, 33(2), 143–166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2010.00536.x Desmond, S.A., & Kubrin, C.E. (2009). The power of place: immigrant communities and adolescent violence. The Sociological Quarterly 50, 581–607, ISSN 0038-0253 Duque, J. C., Ramos, R., & Suriñach, J. (2007). Supervised regionalization methods: A survey. International Regional Science Review, 30(3), 195-220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017607301605 Echeverría, S., Diez-Roux, A.V., Shea, S., Borrell, L. N., & Jackson, S. (2008). Associations of neighborhood problems and neighborhood social cohesion with mental health and health behaviors: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Health & Place, 14(4), 853–865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.01.004 ElMorshedy, R., Ibrahim, A., & Kamel, R. (2018). A statistical methodology for the socio-spatial assessment of neighborhood life quality. Cogent Social Sciences, 4:1, 1-42. http://doi:10.1080/23311886.2018.1528702 Erving, C.L., & Hills, O. (2019). Neighborhood social integration and psychological well-being among African Americans and Afro-Caribbe-ans. Race & Social Problems. 11(2):133–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-019-09258-z Eugene, D.R. (2021). Connectedness to family, school, and neighborhood and adolescents’ internalizing symptoms. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312602 Farajollahzadeh, R., & Salehinia, M. (2021). Redefining place by focusing on the process of creation and explanation of place centrality. The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 18(102), 69-82. http://doi:10.22034/bagh.2021.256492.4708 [in Persian] Fisher, R. (2017). A Nation of neighborhoods: imagining cities, communities, and democracy in postwar America. Journal of American History, 103 (4), 1095–1096. Forrest, R., & A. Kearns (2001). Social cohesion, social capital and the neighbourhood. Urban Studies 38.12, 2125–2143. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43198190 Foster, K.A., & Hipp, J.A. (2011). Defining neighborhood boundaries for social measurement: advancing social work research. Social Work Research, 35(1), 25–35. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42659777 Franzini, L., Taylor, W., Elliott, M.N., Cuccaro, P., et al. (2010). Neighborhood characteristics favorable to outdoor physical activity: disparities by socioeconomic and racial/ethnic composition. Health & Place, 16(2), 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.10.009 Frey, W. H., & Dowell, M. (2005). Racial segregation in us metropolitan areas and cities, 1990–2000: patterns, trends, and explanations, Population Studies Center Research Report, 05-573. Galster, G. (2001). On the nature of neighbourhood. Urban Studies, 38(12), 2111-2124. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980120087072 Galster, G.C., Quercia, R.G., & Cortes, A. (2000). Identifying neighborhood thresholds: An empirical exploration, Housing Policy Debate, 11(3), 701–732. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2000.9521383 Garrioch, D., & Peel, M. (2006). Introduction: The social history of urban neighborhoods. Journal of Urban History, 32(5), 663-676. https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144206287093 Glass, R. (1948). The Social background of a plan: A Study of Middlesbrough. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London. Grannis, R. (2009). From the ground up: Translating geography into community through neighbor networks. Princeton University Press. Harris, R.J., & Longley, P.A. (2002). Creating small area measures of urban deprivation. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 34(6), 1073-1093. https://doi.org/10.1068/a34120 Hillery, G. (1955). Definitions of community: Areas of agreement. Rural Sociology, 20, 111-123. Hipp, J.R. (2007). Income Inequality, Race, and place: Does the distribution of race and class within neighborhoods affect crime rates? Criminology, 45, 665-697. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00088 Hipp, J.R., & Perrin, A.J. (2009). The simultaneous effect of social distance and physical distance on the formation of neighborhood ties. City & Community, 8(1), 5-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01267.x Hipp, J.R., Faris, R.W., & Boessen, A. (2012). Measuring neighborhood: constructing network neighborhoods. Social Networks 34 (2), 128-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2011.05.002 Ho, K.C., & Chua, V. (2018). The neighbourhood roots of social cohesion: Notes on an exceptional case of Singapore. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 36(2), 290– 312. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654417710659 Hunter, A. (1974). Community change: a stochastic analysis of Chicago’s local communities, 1930-60. American Journal of Sociology, 79(4), 923–947. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2776350 Hwang, J. (2016). The social construction of a gentrifying neighborhood: Reifying and redefining identity and boundaries in inequality. Urban Affairs Review, 52 (1), 98–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087415570643 Marks, D. F., & Yardley, L. (2004). Content and thematic analysis. In Research Methods for Clinical and Health Psychology. SAGE Publications, 56-68. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209793 Johnston, R., Propper, C., Sarker, R., et al. (2005). Neighbourhood social capital and neighbourhood effects. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 37(8), 1443-1459. https://doi.org/10.1068/a37222 Jose, P. E., Ryan, N., & Pryor, J. (2012). Does social connectedness promote a greater sense of well‐being in adolescence over time? Journal of research on adolescence, 22(2): 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00783.x Kasarda, J. D., & Janowitz, M. (1974). Community attachment in mass society. American Sociological Review, 39(3), 328–339. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094293 Ketabollahi, K., Mirgholami, M., & Shahbazi, Y. (2022). Rethinking the concept of biological health of the contemporary iranian-islamic neighborhood in the post-corona era. The culture of Islamic Architectural and Urbanism, 7 (2), 77- 98. http://doi:10.52547/ciauj.7.2.77 [in Persian] Keller, S. (1968). The urban neighborhood. New York: Random House. Kitchen, P., Williams, A., & Chowhan, J. (2012). Sense of community belonging and health in Canada: A Regional Analysis. Soc Indic Res 107, 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9830-9 Kramer, R. (2017). Defensible spaces in Philadelphia: Exploring neighborhood boundaries through spatial analysis. Russell SAGE Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 3(2), 81–101. https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2017.3.2.04 Kubrin, C. E., & Weitzer, R. (2003). New directions in social disorganization theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40(4), 374-402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427803256238 Latifi, G., & Safari Chabok, N. (2012). Regeneration of neighbourhood new urbanism principles times in Islamic Iranian cities. Motaleat-e Shahri, 2 (8), 3-12 [in Persian] Lee, B. A., Reardon, S. F., Firebaugh, G., et al. (2008). Beyond the census Tract: patterns and determinants of racial segregation at multiple geographic scales. American Sociological Review, 73(5), 766–791. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300504 LEED for New Construction (2009). U.S. Green Building Council. LEED Reference Guide for Neighborhood Development (2013). U.S. Green Building Council. Legewie, J. (2018). Living on the edge: Neighborhood boundaries and the spatial dynamics of violent crime. Demography. 55(5):1957-1977. http://doi:10.1007/s13524-018-0708-1 Legewie, J., & Schaeffer, M. (2016). Contested boundaries: Explaining where ethnoracial diversity provokes neighborhood conflict. AJS; American Journal of Sociology, 122(1), 125–161. https://doi.org/10.1086/686942 Lenzi, M., Vieno, A., Pastore, M., & Santinello, M. (2013). Neighborhood social connectedness and adolescent civic engagement: An integrative model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.12.003 Lindström, M., Merlo, J., & Ostergren, P. O. (2003). Social capital and sense of insecurity in the neighbourhood: a population-based multilevel analysis in Malmö, Sweden. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 56(5), 1111–1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00114-4 Litman, T. (2008). Creating Safe and Healthy Communities. Environments Journal, 35(3), 21- 43, Logan, J.R., & Molotch, H. (2007). Urban fortunes, the political economy of place. University of California Press. ISBN: 9780520254282 Lochner, C., Mogotsi, M., du Toit, P. L. et al. (2003). Quality of life in anxiety disorders: a comparison of obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. Psychopathology, 36(5), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1159/000073451 MacAllister, I., Johnston, R. J., Pattie, C.J. et al. (2001). Class dealignment and the neighbourhood effect: Miller Revisited. British Journal of Political Science, 31(1), 41–59. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3593275 Mann, P.H. (1954). The Concept of Neighborliness. American Journal of Sociology, 60(2):163. https://doi.org/10.1086/221507 McKenzie, S., Collings, S., Jenkin, G. & River, J. (2018). Masculinity, social connectedness, and mental health: men's diverse patterns of practice. American Journal of Health. 12(5):1247-1261. http://doi:10.1177/1557988318772732 Mohnen, S. M., Völker, B., Flap, H., Subramanian, S. V., & Groenewegen, P. P. (2015). The Influence of social capital on individual health: Is it the neighbourhood or the network? Social Indicators Research, 121(1), 195–214. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24721394 Morenoff, J.D. (2003). Neighborhood mechanisms and the spatial dynamics of birth weight. AJS; American Journal of Sociology, 108(5), 976–1017. https://doi.org/10.1086/374405 Parkes, A., Kearns, A., & Atkinson, R. (2002). What makes people dissatisfied with their neighbourhoods? Urban Studies, 39(13), 2413–2438. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43196836 Parsi, H.R. (2002). Shenakhte Mohtavaye Fazaye Shahri. Honarha-ye Ziba, 11 (11), 41- 50. [in Persian] Pattison, P., & Robins, G. (2002). Neighborhood–based models for social networks. Sociological Methodology, 32(1), 301-337. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9531.00119 Pourjafar, M., & Pourjafar, A. (2012). Proposed neighborhood model, centered on the mosque and public spaces required in the Iranian-Islamic city. Iranian-Islamic City Studies, 3(10), 15- 24. [in Persian] Pourjafar, M., & Taghvaea, A. (2002). Me’eyarha-ye Barnamerizi va Tarahi Baft-e Maskooni-e Shahrha, Honare Modares, 1, 11- 21. Reps, J.W. (1965). The making of urban America: a history of city planning in the United States. Princeton University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1wmz3zc Rezazadeh R., Mohammadi Aydoghmish, F., & Rafieyan, M. (2013). Analysis of the role of Asset-based approach in sustainable community development (Case Study: Imamzadeh Hassan Neighborhood, Tehran), the Scientific Journal of NAZAR Research Center, 10 (25), 67- 76 [in Persian] Roberto, E. (2022). Spatial boundaries and the local context of residential, 1-28, Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0cb0/4b5d06078f50c0d6c561e67 b4543f26c91ea.pdf Rollings, K.A., Wells, N.M., & Evans, G.W. (2015). Measuring physical neighborhood quality related to health. Behavioral Sciences, 5(2), 190–202. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs5020190 Rose, T., McDonald, A., Von Mach, T., Witherspoon, D.P., & Lambert, S. (2019). Patterns of social connectedness and psychosocial wellbeing among African American and Caribbean black adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(11), 2271–2291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01135-7 Sampson, R., & Groves, W.B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 774–802. https://doi.org/10.1086/229068 Sampson, R., & Wilson, W. (1995). Toward a theory of race, crime, and urban inequality. Journal of Hagan & R. Peterson (Ed.), Crime and Inequality: Stanford University Press, 37-54. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503615557-004 Sampson, R., & Raudenbush, S.W. (2004). Seeing disorder: Neighborhood stigma and the Social construction of “broken windows”. Social Psychology Quarterly, 67(4), 319-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250406700401 Shaw, C.R., & McKay, H.D. (2010). Encyclopedia of criminological theory social disorganization theory, SAGE Publications, 828-835. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412959193.n228 Schwirian, K.P. (1983). Models of neighborhood change. Annual Review of Sociology, 9, 83–102. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2946058 Seeman, T.E. (1996). Social ties and health: the benefits of social integration. Annals of epidemiology, 6(5), 442–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1047-2797(96)00095-6 Sheykhi, M. (2003). Neighborhood structure of the past Islamic cities. Social Sciences, 10(22), 39-68 [in Persian] Silver, D., Clark, T.N., & Yanez, C.J.N. (2010). Scenes: Social context in an age of contingency. Social Forces, 88(5), 2293–2324. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40927547 Simkhovitch, M. (2006). Neighborhood; my story of Greenwich House, New York, Norton. http://urn:oclc:record:1049894805 Smith, M.E. (2010). The archaeological study of neighborhoods and districts in ancient cities. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 29, 137–154. http://doi:10.1016/j.jaa.2010.01.001 Spielman, S.E., & Logan, J.R. (2012). Using high-resolution population data to identify neighborhoods and establish their boundaries. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(1), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.685049 Talen, E. (2018). Neighbourhood (Translated by A. Eynifar & M. Jalili). Tehran: Fekre Now Publication [in Persian] Talen, E. (2003). Neighborhoods as service providers: a methodology for evaluating pedestrian access. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 30(2), 181–200. http://doi:10.1068/b12977 Tavasoli, M. (2000). Shahr, Kanoon-e Farhang, Honarha-ye Ziba, 5 (2), 34- 56 [in Persian] Taylor, A.L., & Koch, A.M. (1996). The cultural context for effective strategy, new directions for higher education. Wiley online library, 94, 83-86. https://doi.org/10.1002/he.36919969410 Walters, D. (2007). Designing community, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080492605 Wellman, B., & Wortley, S. (1990). Different strokes from different folks: community ties and social support. American Journal of Sociology, 96(3), 558–588. https://doi.org/10.1086/229572 Wickes, R., Zahnow, R., Corcoran, J., & Hipp, J.R. (2019). Neighbourhood social conduits and resident social cohesion. Urban Studies, 56(1), 226-248. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018780617 Wilson, W.J. (2006). Social theory and the concept underclass, Frankfurt Publications, 90-104. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-14547 Witten, K., & Carroll, P. (2015). Children’s neighborhoods: Places of play or spaces of fear? Springer, 3, 331- 350. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4585-90-3_25-1 Woldoff, R.A., & Uggen, C. (2018). Community and crime: Now more than ever. City & Community, 17(4), 939-944. https://doi.org/10.1111/cico.12354 Vaske, J., & Kobrin, K. C. (2001). Place attachment and environmentally responsible behavior, The Journal of Environmental Education, 32 (4), 16- 21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958960109598658 | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 751 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 303 |