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سیر تحول رابطه جرم و مجازات؛ مطالعه تطبیقی اسلام سیاسی و فقاهتی | ||
مطالعات تطبیقی فقه و اصول مذاهب | ||
دوره 7، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 13، مهر 1403، صفحه 139-114 اصل مقاله (881.14 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22034/mfu.2025.142875.1515 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
محمدمهدی صادقی* 1؛ لیلا جلیلیان2 | ||
1دانشجوی دکترا، گروه حقوق کیفری و جرمشناسی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه فردوسی، مشهد، ایران. | ||
2کارشناسی ارشد، گروه حقوق، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران. | ||
چکیده | ||
موضوع این مقاله، تحلیل تعدادی از نظرات و تفاسیر ارائهشده در مورد جرم و مجازات در جوامع اسلامی پیشامدرن در گسترهی جغرافیایی منطقهی نیل در آفریقا تا آمودریا در آسیای مرکزی و نحوهی تعامل متقابل فقها و خلفا در اینباره است. طلوع اسلام در شبه جزیرهی عربستان و شکلگیری حکومتهای اسلامی، تدوین احکام ناظر به جرم و مجازات مجرمان و اجرای آنرا منطبق با قرآن و روایات ضروری ساخت. حاکمان و سیاستمداران مسلمان تلاش کردند تا با پایبندی ظاهری به احکام فقهی کیفری مستنبط بر سلطنت خود مشروعیت ببخشند؛ اما اقتضائات سیّال حوزهی سیاست در کنار ماهیت ثابت فقاهت باعث شد که خلفا با ایجاد شبکههای گستردهی قضایی و اجرایی فاقد سابقهی فقهی نظیر دیوان مظالم، پلیس شهری و محتسب عملاً از فتاوای فقهی کیفری تا اندازهای عبور کنند. گرچه این وضعیت باب طبع فقهای اهل سنت نبود؛ اما گروهی از ایشان در اثر پذیرش واقعیتهای سیاسی موجود و این تصور که وجود حاکم ستمکار و در عین حال شریعتمدار، بهتر از نبودن یک حاکم است، در صدد برآمدند تا نقص سیاست را به سوزن مصلحت رفو کنند، توجیهات فقهی برای اقدامات کیفری حاکمان بیابند. از این طریق، پیوندی میان فقاهت و سیاست برقرار شد. با اینحال، بهدلیل سنیمذهب بودن خلفا، فقهای امامیه نقشی در بازی سیاست نداشتند. پژوهش حاضر براساس روش توصیفی تحلیلی بهدنبال ارائهی رویکردهای زمینهای و فرارشتهای به حقوق کیفری اسلامی دورهی پیشامدرن است. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
جرم؛ مجازات؛ فقاهت؛ سیاست؛ اسلام؛ پیشامدرن | ||
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