پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 30 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 289 |
| تعداد مقالات | 2,820 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 3,300,779 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 4,373,620 |
From the glory of the "Shukatiyeh" to the decline of the "state"" Lessons from the school experiences of "Shukatiyeh" "Birjand" | ||
| School Administration | ||
| مقاله 13، دوره 7، شماره 4، اسفند 2019، صفحه 327-284 اصل مقاله (1.19 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Qualitative Research Paper | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): https://doi.org/10.34785/J010.1398.817 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| Arash Rastehmoghaddam* | ||
| PhD in Educational Management and Visiting Assistant Professor, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Inorder to derivate lessons from the experiences of Iranian historical schools, this article pay attention to study of "Shokatiyeh" School as one of the pionner schools in the east of the country. The main concern of the study was to answer two questions. The first question is, on what basis can the establishment of the "Shokatiyeh" School be explained? The second question, what can be learned from the characteristics of the "Shokatiyeh" to improve the current schooling system? A historical-analytical approach has used to answer these questions. Numerous studies have been conducted on the subject of research, which can be classified into three general categories under the headings of historical studies, descriptive studies, and comparative studies. The history of schools in Iran, like in other countries, is tied to the institution of religion. From time immemorial, education has been held in religious places such as mosques and temples. In the Seljuk era, the military (Nezamiyeh) was established with the approach of promoting the Shafi''i religion, and during the Safavid period, education was strongly influenced by the Shia religion. At the same time, the first students were sent abroad. From the Safavid to the Qajar period, the state of culture and education in Iran was not favorable, but with the rise of the Qajar dynasty, the first foreign schools were opened by the Americans. The school in its modern meaning was created during the Qajar period by “Mirza Hassan Rushdieh”. After the Constitutional Revolution, the spread of schools increased. There are several perspectives on explaining the causes of school emergence in Iran. Some have called it a foreign project for the country''s colonization. Some have seen the creation of new schools as the product of European alumni''s thought, while others have cited the Qajar government''s efforts to meet their needs. What is clear is that the new school in Iran has not been able to connect with the institution of religion, and it has been strongly opposed by the clergy. Despite opposition from clerics, a school called “Shokatiyeh” was established in which was supported by intellectual clerics such as “Ayatollah Hadi Hadavi” and played an important role in the development of Eastern culture. Of course, in addition to the role of the clergy, there were other factors that influenced the establishment of the school, which are mentioned below. One of the important factors in the emergence of the “Shokatiyeh” School was political issues, including the occurrence of the Constitutional Revolution, the presence of the Alam family in the region, and the personality traits of Shokat-al Mulk. “Shokatiyeh” School was established at the same time as the history of the Constitutional Revolution. The rule of freedom and the demand for awareness and knowledge in the country provided a good ground for the establishment of a school. In addition to the political conditions prevailing in the society, the presence of the Alam family, who were the old emirs of the region, had created stability and security in Birjand, and this had provided an opportunity for cultural activities. Eventually, the rise to power of a man like Shokat-al Mulk, who would have a moderate, balanced, and constitutional personality, led to the establishment of the “Shokatiyeh” School as one of the new schools in Birjand. Another factor in creating the Shokatiyeh School is the cultural capacities of Birjand. The city of Birjand was culturally hardworking people who respected culture and knowledge. The city had many educated people. Also, the action of intellectual clerics in sending their children to Shokatiyeh School led to the acceptance of the school among the people. Finally, it can be said that having a rich cultural capacity both in the scientific and religious dimensions were a good ground for the establishment of "Shokatiyeh" along with the geopolitical situation of "Birjand". Another factor in the establishment of the Shoktieh School was the geopolitical position of Birjand. Undoubtedly, Birjand was very important for a country like Britain. "Birjand" (and to a lesser extent Greater Khorasan) had a privileged political geographical position for the British in that it had the closest route to India. The British owned India at that time and paid special attention to Birjand in order to preserve the colonies and prevent the development of the Russians, so that they opened a consulate and a bank in this city. Also, the role of "Birjand" during the First World War (1914-1918) in defending the east of the country and during the Second World War (1939-1945) as a barrier to sending arms (through Zahedan-Birjand-Mashhad road) to Russia Has been very important. Birjand''s proximity to India, in addition to its political and economic status, has also yielded significant gains. For example, goods were transported from India via camels to Birjand and from there to Iran''s interior provinces. The location of the political geography of "Birjand" led to the city attracting the attention of foreign countries, especially Britain. Subsequently, with the increase in the traffic of commercial caravans and the activity of the British and Russian consulates and finally the establishment of the "Imperial Bank", the need to learn a foreign language (English) for financial and commercial interactions was identified And meeting this need was one of the reasons for the establishment of Shoktiyeh Finally, inspired by the "Parsons" model, the characteristics of the "Shokatiyeh" are classified into three levels of institutional, managerial, and technical. At the institutional level, characteristics such as the interaction of tradition with modernity, having a social function, a pattern of gradual development, and the connection between school and society have been mentioned. At the managerial level, attention has been paid to features such as the method of providing educational staff, equipping sustainable and diverse financial resources, school-based administration, and the pattern of public and free admission. At the technical level, issues such as the mission of the school, the comprehensiveness of the curriculum and the method of student evaluation are mentioned. The paper ends with suggestions for improving the performance of the education management system. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Shokatiyeh"؛ local History؛ "Birjand"؛ Historical Schools؛ School Administration | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Ahmadi Birjandi, A. (1955). Birjand City: Geographical, Historical and Cultural Situation (on the 50th Anniversary of Birjand Culture). Yaghma, 92, 561-567. Akbari, A. R. (2009). Historical Geography of Ghohestan. History and Geography Month Book (134), 32-37. Alaghband, A. (2015). Introduction to Educational Management (Forty-seventh edition ed.). Tehran: Ravan. Alam Al-Hoda, J. (2001). The Role of the Intellectual Flow in Educational Secularism (First Edition ed.). Tehran: Institute of Contemporary Knowledge and Thought. Alam al-Hoda, J. (2002). Influential Thinking Streams in Contemporary Iranian Education. Book Review, 22 (109-132). Alam, M. R., & Biseda, B. (2014). A Review on the Causes of Establishment, the Formation and Effects of Dar al-Fonoon School in Qajar-era Iranian Society. Journal of Educational Sciences Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, 6 (21), 274-253. Alavikia, M. A. (2017). History of the First Modern Schools in Kermanshah (1278-1285). Journal of Iranian Local Histories(11), 25-36. Aramjoo, A. (2010). Remarks on the Economy and Community of Qaenat Province in the First Half of the Qajar Government (1210-1264 AH). Social and Cultural Studies of Khorasan (15-16), 5-38. Askeran, M. (2012). Sistan''s Rulers after The Collapse of The Kiani dynasty in the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods. Journal of Islamic Iranian History Studies, 1(4), 88-69. Ayati, M. H. (1948). Baharestan in the History and Interpretation of the Reigns of Qaenat and Ghohestan (F. Edition Ed.): Sherkat Sahami Chap. Bani Iqbal, N., & Naseh, M. A. (2006). The Development of Modern Education System in Iran in Gholamhossein Shokouhi''s scientific and cultural biography (First Edition ed.). Tehran: Cultural Works and Honors Association. Bastani Parizi, M. I. (1991). From Garlic to Onions. (s. edition Ed.). Tehran: Mahtab Publication. Behnamfar, M., & Molayi, M. (2012). Historical Geography of Ghohestan (from Taheri to Seljuq). Research in History, 3(2), 5-36. Behnia, M. R. (2002). Birjand Negin Kavir (second edition ed.). Tehran: University of Tehran Publication. Blookbashi, A. (2006). Social and Cultural Challenges in Establishing Modern Education. Modern culture(18), 104-112. Dickson, E. R. (2013). East of Iran, Corner of World War I. Translated By Mahmood Rafiee (First Edition ed.): Hirmand Publications. DowlatAbadi, H. M. Y. (1957). Contemporary History or Yahya''s Life (first ed.): Ibn Sina Bookstore. Ershad Sarabi, A. (2008). Shokatiyeh Birjand School (How to set up, Teach, Books, Teachers and Exams). Mirror Research Journal, 19 (6), 20-27. Farasat Khah, M. (2018). From Dar al-Hikmah to Dar-e-Molla''im, An Explanation of The Causes of The Emergence of Scientific and Educational Institutions in Iran. In A. Sadeghi (Ed.), Yademan Mehr (111-126). Tehran. Farzan, S. M. (2020). Formation of Birjand Education Organization Scientific and Cultural Biography of Allameh Seyed Mohammad Farzan (First Edition ed.). Tehran: Cultural Works and Cultural Association. Fazeli, A. A. (2003). Madreseye Shokatiye Birjand. In M. R. Rashed (Ed.), A Look at the History of Modern Birjand Culture and Education (First Edition ed.). Birjand: Rezghi. Gall, R. (1977). History of Education. Translated by Mohammad Mashayekhi (First Edition ed.). Tehran: Peyvand Publications. Ganji, M. H. (1946). The Degeneration of the City of Birjand. Journal of Yadegar (2), 54-62. Ganji, M. H. (1989). Birjand. Iranica.IV. 272-274. Ganji, M. H. (2000). Birjand. Encyclopedia of the Islamic World.(5), (146-148). Tehran: Islamic Encyclopedia Foundation. Ganji, M. H. (2003). A Brief History of Birjand Culture In M. R. Rashed (Ed.), A Look at the History of Birjand Modern Culture and Education (First Edition ed), (21-53). Birjand: Rezghi. Ghasemi Pouya, I. (1998). New schools in the Qajar era: Founders and pioneers. Tehran: Nashre Daneshgahi Center. Ghasemi Pouya, I. (2008). Explaining the Characteristics of Successful Schools in Contemporary Iranian Education. Journal of education (69), 201-239. Ghasemi Pouya, I. (2011). The Ultimate Escape from School: A Review of the History of Schooling in Iran. Surah Andisheh (50-51), 76-77. Ghobadi, M. (2018). In the pursuit of knowledge, Research into The Process of Sending Iranian Students to Europe (First Edition ed.). Tehran: Iranian history publication. Goya, Z. (2018). Madrese Saadat Busher. Iranian Encyclopedia of Curriculum. Haddad Adel, G. A. (2015). Just for Information. Tehran: Iran Cultural and Islamic Art Cultural Institute. Haeri, A. (2012). Memoirs of Birjand and political events. (second edition ed.): Behjat Publications. Hamedi, Z. (2007). Women''s Efforts to Establish Girls'' Schools in The Constitutional Era. Social and Cultural Studies of Khorasan (4), 47-54. Hamidi, S., & Khosravi Zargas, M. (2014). Big Game: Two Structures and One Broker. Social and Cultural Studies of Khorasan (31), 29-60. Hill, F. (1999). Letters from Ghohestan. Translated by Mohammad Hasan Ganji (First Edition ed.). Mashhad: Astan Qods Razavi Publisher. Hosseybi, R. (1991). Nesun Schools from Beginning to 1314. Documentary Treasures, 1(1), 88-92. Iravani, S. (2014). An Introduction to Explaining the Nature of the Iranian Education System from the Beginning of the Modernization Period to the Present Journal of the Foundations of Education, 4(1), 83-110. Iravani, S. (2016). Story of School. Teacher growth, 35(1), 7-9. Javan Mardi, F., & Beheshti Seresht, M. (2015). The Status of Modern Schools in Iranian Kurdistan in 1299 to 1320. History of Science (18), 31-49. Kasravi, A. (1978). The Constitutional History of Iran (Fourteenth ed. Vol. 1). Tehran: Amir Kabir Publishing Institute. Kassai, N. (1979). Military Schools and Its Social and Scientific Implications (F. Edition Ed.). Tehran: University of Tehran Publications. Khani Zadeh, M. (2007). History of Birjand Shakti Schools. Social and Cultural Studies of Khorasan(4), 55-73. Mahmoud Abadi, M. (2012). Educational Reforms from Dar al-Fonun to the Roshdiyeh School of 1268-1315 Research History (51), 21-44. Majidi, M. (1985). A Brief History of Textbooks and Their Evolution in Iran from Dar al-Fonoon to The Present. Education Quarterly (4), 65-95. Mashayekhi, A. K. (2010). New Developments in Qajar Education and Its Impact on Schooling Process in Bushehr. Iranian Post-Islamic History Journal, 1(1), 103-128. Mehrabakhsh, A. (2009). From Herivand to Dar-ul-Qaenat. Social and Cultural Studies of Khorasan, Autumn and winter (13-14), 168-184. Mekaniki, J. (2004). A look at Birjand''s Historical Geography with Emphasis on the Role of Geopolitical Factors. Journal of Literature and Human Sciences (Birjand University)(4), 159-174. Menasheri, D. (1992). Educational System and Making of Modern Iran. Translated by Mohammad Hossein Badamachi and Erfan Mosleh (First Edition ed.). Tehran: Sina Publication. Milani, A. (2008). Eminent Persians: The Men and Women Who Made Modern Iran, 1941-1979, Volumes One and Two (Vol. 1). Syracuse University Press. Mohammadi, M. (2015). New Clerics and Schools in Iran. Journals of Islamic Education, 10 (21), 107-130. Mojtahed-Zadeh, P. (1996). The Amirs of Borderlands and Eastern Iranian Borders Translated By Hamid Reza Malek Mohammadi. Tehran: Shirazeh Publications. Monsef, M. A. (1976). Amir Shukat al-Mulk of Alam (second edition ed.). Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications. Moradi, M. (2001). Letters from Ghohestan. Book of the month of history and geography, June and July, 118-120. Nabiee, M. (2019). Marjan School. Iranian Encyclopedia of Curriculum. Naderian, A., Abtahi, S. A., & Torabi Farsi, S. (2018). Investigation of How to Create Modern Education in Baluchistan and Its Course of Operation in The First Pahlavi Period. Journal of Iranian and Islamic Historical Studies(22), 175-198. Naseh, M. A. (2006). Backgrounds of Modern Education in Iran. Journal of the Association of Cultural Works and Honors, 6 (4), 39-65. Naseh, M. A. (2007). A Comparative Look at the History of Six Iranian Historical Schools (with an Approach to Critique of Alphabet Teaching in the Traditional Education System). Journal of the Association of Cultural Works and Honors, 7(4), 107-134. Naseh, M. A. (2016a). Dowlate Yad (Birjand local history at the beginning of the contemporary century according to Zabihullah Naseh) (First Edition ed.). Tehran: Institute of Contemporary History Studies of Iran. Naseh, M. A. (2016b). Shokoh e Shargh (Birjand University Comprehensive Guide) (First Edition ed.). Birjand Birjand University. Naseh, M. A., & Miri, M. R. (2016). From Shokatiyeh to Birjand University (286-1286) With an Approach to Establishing Modern Education in Iran (second edition ed.). Tehran: Fekr publisher. Naseh, Z. (2003). Opening of Shokatiye Primary School. In M. R. Rashed (Ed.), A Look at the History of Modern Birjand Culture and Education (First Edition ed.). Birjand: Rezghi. Ostadzadeh, Z., & Ostadzadeh, M. (2008). Reflection on the Three Distinguished Features of Shokatiyeh Historical School. Treasury of Documents (70), 35-50. Pirnia, H., & Ashtiani, A. I. (2014). The History of Iranian Civilization from The Beginning to The Extinction of the Qajar Dynasty (First Edition ed.). Tehran: Aso Publishing. Rahimian, H. (2016). Exploring the Effectiveness of Allameh Schools in Tehran in the Framework of "Effective School Research". Journal of Educational Leadership and Management Research, 1(8), 51-69. Rashed Mohasel, M. R. (2003). A Look at the History of Modern Culture and Education in Birjand. (First Edition ed.). Birjand: Rezghi Publications. Rashed Mohasel, M. R. (2009). From Shokati to Dowlati: Cultural Studies on the East of Iran (First ed.). Tehran: Hirmand Publishing. Rezaei, J. (2002). Birjandnameh: Birjand at The Beginning of the 14th Century (First Edition ed.). Tehran: Hirmand Publishing. Rezaei, M., & Mohammadi, M. (2017). The Discourse of New Education and School Birth in the Qajar Period. Historical Sociology, 9 (2), 185-211. Ringer, M. (2000). Modern Schools in Iran 19th Century, Native Approach to the Problem of Renovation. Translated by: Fatemeh Aman. Iran nameh(70), 73-86. Ringer, M. (2014). Education, Religion and Discourse of Reform. Translated by Mohammad Haghighatkhah (Third edition ed.). Tehran: Qoqnus Publishers. Rouhalamini, F. B. (2007). Kerman Schools in the Constitutional Period. Document Treasures (66), 57-82. Rouhbakhsh, R. (2017). The Challenge of Establishing New Schools in Iran. Journal of History Book Review, 4 (3-4), 101-110. Sadat, S. M. (2007). Introducing and Introducing Modern Schools of Kashan. Document Treasures (68), 19-38. Sadiq, I. (1961). A Brief History of Iranian Culture (Fifth Edition ed.): Book Company. Sadiq, I. (1973). Memoir of Life (Volume I), Memoirs of a Story That Could Be Helpful in Education (Third edition ed.). Tehran: Dehkhoda Bookstore. Safa, Z. (1968). History of Iranian Science and Literature (First Edition ed.). Tehran: Ibn-Sina Publications. Safa, Z. (1984). Education and Knowledge in Iran ( First Edition ed.). Tehran: Aseman. Safa, Z. (1990). Schools and Training in Iran from the Old to Contemporary Times. Samii Azar, A. (1997). History of School Developments in Iran (First Edition ed.). Tehran: Organization for Renovation, Development and Equipping of Iranian Schools. Shahedi, M. (1998). Political Life of the House of Science (First Edition ed.). Tehran: Institute of Contemporary History Studies. Sheikh Rezaei, A. (1992). French Schools in Iran. Document Treasures (7-8), 95-110. Soltan Zadeh, H. (1985). History of Iranian Schools from Ancient Times to the Establishment of Dar al-Fonun (First Edition ed.). Tehran: Agah publication. Takmil Homayoun, N. (1979). Libraries in Iran (First Edition ed.). Tehran: Office of Cultural Research. Torabi Farsani, S. (1999). Documents from Girls'' Schools from Constitutional to Pahlavi (F. Edition Ed.). Tehran: National Documentation Organization of Iran Publications. Vakili, S. (2004). From Maktabkhaneh to school. Social Science Month Book (84), 40-42. Yarshater, E. (1997). In Search of the Secret of Survival: The Cultural Resurrection of Khorasan. Iran nameh (60), 539-568. Zangooie, M. (2009). Ghohestan (South Khorasan) (First Edition ed.). Tehran: Office of Cultural Research.
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 658 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 700 |
||